In fear and in hope: A Sufi response to the problem of evil

Introduction

I recently spoke with a good friend who describes himself as non-religious. He is gifted with a sound mind, clear speech, and above all else a heart that cares deeply for others. At some point in the conversation we began talking about God, and he claimed that such a figure probably doesn’t exist. What, I asked, makes him think so? He responded immediately that the existence of suffering was hugely problematic for him. Why, he argued, would God allow such an abysmal catastrophe as the suffering of children and innocent people?

In the traditional religious view, this line of reasoning can only be understood as a harmful and dangerous heresy. Any ideas which potentially counteract or destabilize one’s religious adherence, especially one’s faith in God, should be strictly discouraged. But from a more contemplative perspective, we might understand my friend’s argument as doing a service to religion. It isn’t a deviation of faith to question one’s relationship with God—even before it exists—nor is it unbecoming of God to be critical of him. A well-stated position against God is still something of theological interest, especially if its resolution can inspire more people to belief.

But what counterargument could I possibly give to his objection? We are all horrified by the…